महाकविः कालिदासः – पर्यावरण परिरक्षणम्
Dr. K.V.R.B. Vara Lakshmi Dinesh Babu Kandukuri
H.O.D. of Sanskrit Research Scholar
Sri Y.N.M. College Andhra University
NARSAPUR VIZAG
आधुनिककाले पर्यावरणसमस्या सर्वत्र समजनि। पर्यावरणस्य मानवजीवनस्य अन्योन्यसम्बन्धः दरीदृश्यते। पर्यावरणस्य मानवजीवनस्य अन्योन्यसम्बन्धः दरीदृश्यते। पर्यावरणसमतुल्यं विना मानवजीवनं क्लिष्टतरं भवति। “परि” आङ् इत्युपसर्गद्वयपूर्वकात् वृञ् आवरणे इति धातोः ल्युटि प्रत्येये कृते पर्यावरणं इति रूपकं सिद्ध्यति। परितः आवरणं पर्यावरणमिति व्युत्पत्तिः। यद् आवृणोति सर्वान् चराचरात्मकान् तत् पर्यावरणं इत्यर्थः। अनेन भूम्यादीनि पञ्चमहाभूतानि, वनस्पतयः, सर्वे चराचर जीवाः अन्ये च पदार्थाः पर्यावरणे अन्तर्भवन्ति। वैदिककाले मानवाः प्रकृत्या सहजीवनं कृत्वा प्रकृतिं देवतारूपेण आरधयन्तिस्म। “माता भूमिः पुत्रोऽहं पृथिव्याः” इति भावनया ते प्रवर्तन्ते। अपि च वेदकालादारभ्य भारतदेशे सर्वे मानवाः पर्यावरणपरिरक्षणे संलग्नमनस्काः सुखमयजीवनं कृतवन्तः।
महाकविः कलिदासोपि स्वीयग्रन्थेषु प्रकृति आरधकत्वं पर्यावरणपरिरक्षणं च प्रादर्शयत्। अयं महाकविः देवभावनया पञ्चभूतानामुल्लेखः कृतः। अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तेलनाटकप्रारम्भे मङ्गलाचरणश्लोके “या सृष्टिः स्रष्टुराद्या वहति विधिहुतं या हविर्या च होत्री ” इति अष्टमूर्तिरूपं शिवं अस्तुवत्। यथा जलवह्निवायुयाजमानचन्द्रसूर्याआकाशपृध्वी रूपात्मकः अष्टमूर्त्यात्मकः सदाशिवः सर्वेभ्यः शिवं ददातु इति। अनेन श्लोकेन प्रकृतिपुरषयोः परस्परसम्बन्धः प्रकृत्यां पवित्रा भावना च सूच्यते।तथैव कुमारसम्भवमहाकाव्ये प्रथमश्लोके “अस्त्युत्तरस्यां दिशि देवतात्मा हिमालयो नाम नगाधिराजः” इति। श्लोकेस्मिन् पर्वतराजं हिमालयं देवतास्वरूपं इत्यवर्णयत्। महाकवि कालिदासः मेघदूते पूर्वमेघे “धूमज्योतिः सलिलमरुतां सन्निपातः क्व मेघः” इत्यवर्णयत्। धूमाग्निजलवातानां समवायरूपो मेघो भवतीति ज्ञायते। तत्रैव “त्वय्यायत्तं कृषिफलमिति भ्रूविलासानभिज्ञैः” इति कृषिफलं सस्यादिकं मेघाधीनं भवतीति निरूपयति।
श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतायां “अन्नाद्भवन्तिभूतानि पर्जन्यादन्नसम्भवः” इति गीताचार्येणकथितम्। अनेन अन्नस्य सम्भवः पर्जन्याद् भवतीति ज्ञायते। पर्यावरणसमतुल्यमेव मानवजीवनस्य सुखदायकः भवति। पर्यावरणसंरक्षणादेव काले काले वर्षः सम्भवति। अतिवृष्टिः अनावृष्टिश्च न जायते। वायुकालुष्य निवारणार्थं समकाले वृष्टत्यर्थं च वृक्षाः आवश्यकाः भवन्ति। अतः पर्यावरणपरिरक्षणे वृक्षाणां संरक्षणं प्रथमं साधनं भवति। अत एव “वृक्षो रक्षति रक्षितः” इति प्राचीनाः उद्घोषयन्ति। संस्कृतसाहित्ये कविकुलगुरुः कालिदासमहाकविः स्वीयग्रन्थेषु प्रकृति आराधकत्वं पर्यावरणपरिरक्षणं च प्रादर्शयत्। यथा –
रघुवंशमहाकाव्ये द्वितीयसर्गे सिंहदिलीपयोः संभाषणसन्दर्भे सिंहः एकं वृक्षं दर्शयन् दिलीपं एवं वदति “ हे राजन्
“अमुं पुरः पश्यसि देवदारुं
पुत्रीकृतोऽसौ वृषभध्वजेन।
पुत्रीकृतोऽसौ वृषभध्वजेन
यो हेमकुम्भस्तननिसृतानां
स्कन्दस्य मातुः पयसां रसज्ञः॥
हे राजन्! अस्माकं पुरतः स्थितः वृक्षः देवदारुवृक्षः। अयं वृक्षः पार्वतीपरमेश्वराभ्यां पुत्रवत्पालितः पोषितश्च इति। अनेन वृक्षसंरक्षणे तयोः प्रीतिः विदितोऽभूत्।
अपि च तस्मिन्नेव सन्दर्भे
कण्डूयमानेन कटं कदाचिद्वनद्विपिनोन्मथितात्वगस्य ।
अर्थेन मद्रेस्तनया शुशोच सेनान्यमालीङ्मिवासुरास्त्रैः॥
इत्यवर्णयत्। अनेन कश्चिद् गजः आत्मनः कण्डूतिमपनेतुं वृक्षसंघट्टनं अकरोत्। तदा वृक्षस्य चर्म अपागतम्। तादृशां चर्म रहितं वृक्षं दृष्ट्वा पार्वती शेकार्ताभवत्। तं वृक्षाणां पुत्रवत्परिपालनं तद्वारा पर्यावरण संरक्षणं च सूच्यते।
स्वयं संवर्धितः विषवृक्षः अपि न कर्तनीयः। “विषवृक्षोपि संवर्ध्य स्वयं छेत्तुमसाम्प्रतम्” इत्युक्तमेव।
अपि च महाकविकालिदासविरचितं अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तले प्रथमाङ्के शकुन्तलां प्रति अनसूया “हला शकुन्तले त्वत्तोपि तातकाश्यपस्याश्रमवृक्षकाः प्रियतरा इति तर्कयामि। येन नवमल्लिकाकुसुमपेलवापि त्वमेतेषामालवालपूरणे नियुक्ता इति अवदत्। तदा शाकुन्तले अनसूयां प्रति “न केवलं तात नियोग व। अस्ति मे सोदरस्नहोप्येतेषु” इत्यवदत्।
अनेन सम्भाषणेन प्रकृति (वृक्षा) मनुष्ययोर्मध्येस्थित परस्परप्रेमपूर्वकसम्बन्धः शम्यमानः भवति। परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षाः” इत्युक्तिः सर्वैः विदिता एव। अत एव
छायामन्यस्य कुर्वन्ति तिष्ठन्ति स्वयमातपे।
फलान्यपि परार्थाय वृक्षाः सत्पुरुषाः॥ इव
स्वयमातपे स्थित्वा वृक्षाः फलपुष्पछायागन्धान् इतरान् प्रति अनुगृह्णन्ति।
एवं रीत्या कालिदासमहाकविः वृक्षाणां संरक्षणम् पर्यावरणपरिरक्षणमूल हेतुर्भवतीति अकथयत्। ओषधीवृक्षाणां पोषणेन वायुप्रदूषणम्, भूमिप्रदूषणाम्, जलप्रदूषणं च अपनेतुं शक्यते। पर्यावरणपरिरक्षणे सर्वे प्राणिनः सुखिनः भवन्ति।
उपयुक्तग्रन्थ सूची :
1. Works of Kalidasa-C.R. Devadhar Volum – II, Motilal Banirasidas, Delhi-1986
2. Abhijnana Sakuntalam of Kalidasa by M.R. Kale, Motilal Banirasidas, Delhi-1969
3. पद्मपुराणम्
4. सर्वशब्दसम्बोधिन्याख्योयम्- संस्कृत निघण्टुः, Asian Educational Services -2005
5. विश्वसंस्कृतम्- विश्वेश्वरानन्द वैदिकशॊधसंस्थानम्, होषियार् पुरम्, पञ्जाब्
6. भर्तृहरि सुभाश्इतानि-जे.वि.एच्. पब्लिकेषन्स्, विजयवाडा1990
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